力士樂(lè)先導(dǎo)式電磁溢流閥DBW10B1-5X/315-6EG24N9K4 R900920863，德國(guó)REXROTH先導(dǎo)式電磁溢流閥，購(gòu)買進(jìn)口液壓、氣動(dòng)、自動(dòng)化控制工業(yè)配件，認(rèn)準(zhǔn)“上海韋米機(jī)電設(shè)備有限公司”，8年老店，產(chǎn)品實(shí)拍，保證產(chǎn)品原廠原裝，價(jià)格優(yōu)惠，售后無(wú)憂，歡迎新老客戶咨詢采購(gòu)！
 

一、DB/DBW型先導(dǎo)溢流閥
1.結(jié)構(gòu)和工作原理
DB型閥是先導(dǎo)控制式的溢流閥; DBW型閥是先導(dǎo)控制式的電磁溢閥。DB
型閥是用來(lái)控制液壓系統(tǒng)的壓力; DBW型閥也可以控制液壓系統(tǒng)的壓力，并且能在任意時(shí)刻使系統(tǒng)卸荷。
DB型閥主要是由先導(dǎo)閥和主閥組成。DBW型閥是由電磁換向閥、先導(dǎo)閥和主閥組成。
DB型溢流閥:
閥腔的壓力油作用在主閥芯下端的同時(shí)，通過(guò)阻尼器和通道作用在主閥芯上端和先導(dǎo)閥的錐閥上。當(dāng)系統(tǒng)壓力超過(guò)彈簧的調(diào)定值時(shí)，錐閥被打開(kāi)。同時(shí)主閥芯上端的壓力油通過(guò)阻尼器、通道、彈簧腔及通道流回B腔(控制油內(nèi)排型)或通過(guò)外排口流回油箱(控制油外排型)。這樣，當(dāng)壓力油通過(guò)阻尼器時(shí)在主閥芯上產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)壓力差，主閥芯在這個(gè)壓差的作用下打開(kāi)，這樣在調(diào)定的工作壓力下壓力油從A腔流到B腔(即卸荷)。
DBW型電磁溢流閥:
此閥工作原理與DB型閥相同，只是可通過(guò)安裝在先導(dǎo)閥上的電磁換向閥使系統(tǒng)在任意時(shí)刻卸荷。
DB/DBW型閥均設(shè)有控制油內(nèi)部供油道和內(nèi)部排油道控制油外供口和外排口。這樣就可根據(jù)控制油供給和排出的不同形式的組合內(nèi)供內(nèi)排、外供內(nèi)排、內(nèi)供外排和外供外排4種型式。

2.溢流閥常見(jiàn)故障及排除
溢流閥在使用中，常見(jiàn)的故障有噪聲、振動(dòng)、閥芯徑向卡緊和調(diào)壓失靈等。
(一)噪聲和振動(dòng)
液壓裝置中容易產(chǎn)生噪聲的元件一般認(rèn)為是泵和閥，閥中又以溢流閥和電磁換向閥等為主。產(chǎn)生噪聲的因素很多。溢流閥的噪聲有流速聲和機(jī)械聲二種。流速聲中主要由油液振動(dòng)、空穴以及液壓沖擊等原因產(chǎn)生的噪聲。機(jī)械聲中主要由.閥中零件的撞擊和磨擦等原因產(chǎn)生的噪聲。
(1)壓力不均勻引起的噪聲
先導(dǎo)型溢流閥的導(dǎo)閥部分是一個(gè)易振部位如圖3所示。在高壓情況下溢流時(shí)，導(dǎo)閥的軸向開(kāi)口很小，僅0.003~0.006厘米。過(guò)流面積很小，流速很高，可達(dá)200米/秒，易引起壓力分布不均勻，使錐閥徑向力不平衡而產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)。另外錐閥和錐閥座加工時(shí)產(chǎn)生的橢圓度、導(dǎo)閥口的臟物粘住及調(diào)壓彈簧變形等，也會(huì)引起錐閥的振動(dòng)。所以一般認(rèn)為導(dǎo)閥是發(fā)生噪聲的振源部位。由于有彈性元件(彈簧)和運(yùn)動(dòng)質(zhì)量(錐閥)的存在，構(gòu)成了一個(gè)產(chǎn)生振蕩的條件，而導(dǎo)閥前腔又起了一個(gè)共振腔的作用，所以錐閥發(fā)生振動(dòng)后易引起整個(gè)閥的共振而發(fā)出噪聲，發(fā)生噪聲時(shí)一般多伴隨有劇烈的壓力跳動(dòng)。
(2)空穴產(chǎn)生的噪聲
當(dāng)由于各種原因，空氣被吸入油液中，或者在油液壓力低于大氣壓時(shí)，溶解在油液中的部分空氣就會(huì)析出形成氣泡，這些氣泡在低壓區(qū)時(shí)體積較大，當(dāng)隨油液流到高壓區(qū)時(shí)，受到壓縮，體積突然變小或氣泡消失，反之，如在高壓區(qū)時(shí)體積本來(lái)較小，而當(dāng)流到低壓區(qū)時(shí)，體積突然增大，油中氣泡體積這種急速改變的現(xiàn)象。氣泡體積的突然改變會(huì)產(chǎn)生噪聲，又由于這一過(guò)程發(fā)生在瞬間，將引起局部液壓沖擊而產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)。先導(dǎo)型溢流閥的導(dǎo)閥口和主閥口，油液流速和壓力的變化很大，很容易出現(xiàn)空穴現(xiàn)象，由此而產(chǎn)生噪聲和振動(dòng)。
(3)液壓沖擊產(chǎn)生的噪聲
先導(dǎo)型溢流閥在卸荷時(shí)，會(huì)因液壓回路的壓力急驟下降而發(fā)生壓力沖擊噪聲。愈是高壓大容量的工作條件，這種沖擊噪聲愈大，這是由于溢流閥的卸荷時(shí)間很短而產(chǎn)生液壓沖擊所致在卸荷時(shí)，由于油流速急劇變化，引起壓力突變，造成壓力波的沖擊。壓力波是一個(gè)小的沖擊波，本身產(chǎn)生的噪聲很小，但隨油液傳到系統(tǒng)中，如果同任何一個(gè)機(jī)械零件發(fā)生共振，就可能加大振動(dòng)和增強(qiáng)噪聲。所以在發(fā)生液壓沖擊噪聲時(shí)，-般多伴有系統(tǒng)振動(dòng)。
(4)機(jī)械噪聲
先導(dǎo)型溢流閥發(fā)出的機(jī)械噪聲，一般來(lái)自零件的撞擊和由于加工誤差等產(chǎn)生的零件磨擦。在先導(dǎo)型溢流閥發(fā)出的噪聲中，有時(shí)會(huì)有機(jī)械性的高頻振動(dòng)聲，一般稱它為自激振動(dòng)聲。這是主閥和導(dǎo)閥因高頻振動(dòng)而發(fā)生的聲音。它的發(fā)生率與回油管道的配置、流量、壓力、油溫(粘度)等因素有關(guān)。-般情況下，管道口徑小、流量少、壓力高、油液粘度低，自激振動(dòng)發(fā)生率就高。
減小或消除先導(dǎo)型溢流閥噪聲和振動(dòng)的措施，一般是在導(dǎo)閥部分加置消振元件。
消振套一般固定在導(dǎo)閥前腔，即共振腔內(nèi)，不能自由活動(dòng)。在消振套上都設(shè)有各種阻尼孔，以增加阻尼來(lái)消除震動(dòng)。另外，由于共振腔中增加了零件，使共振腔的容積減小，油液在負(fù)壓時(shí)剛度增加，根據(jù)剛度大的元件不易發(fā)生共振的原理，就能減少發(fā)生共振的可能性。
消振墊一般與共振腔活動(dòng)配合,能自由運(yùn)動(dòng)。消振墊正反面都有一條節(jié)流槽,油液在流動(dòng)時(shí)能產(chǎn)生阻尼作用，以改變?cè)瓉?lái)的流動(dòng)情況。由于消振墊的加入，增加了一個(gè)振動(dòng)元件，擾亂了原來(lái)的共振頻率。共振腔增加了消振墊，同樣減少了容積，增加了油液受壓時(shí)的剛度，以減少發(fā)生共振的可能性。
在消振螺堵上設(shè)有蓄氣小孔和節(jié)流邊，蓄氣小孔中因留有空氣，空氣在受壓時(shí)壓縮，壓縮空氣具有吸振作用，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)微型吸振器。小孔中空氣壓縮時(shí)，油液充入，膨脹時(shí)，油液壓出，這樣就增加了一個(gè)附加流動(dòng)，以改變?cè)瓉?lái)的流動(dòng)情況。故也能減小或消除噪聲和振動(dòng)。
另外，如果益流閥本身的裝配或使用權(quán)用不當(dāng)，也都會(huì)造成振動(dòng)，產(chǎn)生噪聲。如三節(jié)同心式溢流閥，裝配時(shí)三節(jié)同心配合不當(dāng)，使用時(shí)流量過(guò)大或過(guò)小，錐閥的不正常磨損等。在這種情況下，應(yīng)認(rèn)真檢查調(diào)整，或更換零件。
(二)閥芯徑向卡緊
因加工精度的影響，造成主閥芯徑向卡緊，使主閥開(kāi)啟不上壓或主閥關(guān)閉不卸壓，另因污染造成徑向卡緊。
(三)調(diào)壓失靈
溢流閥在使用中有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)調(diào)壓失靈現(xiàn)象。先導(dǎo)型溢流閥調(diào)壓失靈現(xiàn)象有二種情況:一種是調(diào)節(jié)調(diào)壓手輪建立不起壓力，或壓力達(dá)不到額定數(shù)值;另一種調(diào)節(jié)手輪壓力不下降，甚至不斷升壓。出現(xiàn)調(diào)壓失靈，除閥芯因種種原因造成徑向卡緊外，還有下列一些原因:
一是主閥體阻尼器堵塞，
所以主閥變成了一個(gè)彈簧力很小的直動(dòng)型溢流閥，在進(jìn)油腔壓力很低的情況下，主閥就打開(kāi)溢流，系統(tǒng)就建立不起壓力。
壓力達(dá)不 到額定值的原因，是調(diào)壓彈簧變形或選用錯(cuò)誤，調(diào)壓彈簧壓縮行程不夠，閥的內(nèi)泄漏過(guò)大，或?qū)чy部分錐閥過(guò)度磨損等。
第二是阻尼器(3)堵塞，油壓傳遞不到錐閥上，導(dǎo)閥就失去了支主閥壓力的調(diào)節(jié)作用。阻尼器(小孔)堵塞后，在任何壓力下錐閥都不會(huì)打開(kāi)溢流油液，閥內(nèi)始終無(wú)油液流動(dòng)，主閥上下腔壓力一直相等，由于主閥芯上端環(huán)形承壓面積大于下端環(huán)形承壓面積，所以主閥也始終關(guān)閉，不會(huì)溢流，主閥壓力隨負(fù)載增加而上升。當(dāng)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)停止工作時(shí)，系統(tǒng)壓力就會(huì)無(wú)限升高。除這些原因以外，尚需檢查外控口是否堵住，錐閥安裝是否良好等。
(四)其它故障
溢流閥在裝配或使用中，由于“O”形密封圈、組合密封圈的損壞，或者安裝螺釘、管接頭的松動(dòng)，都可能造成不應(yīng)有的外泄漏。
如果錐閥或主閥芯磨損過(guò)大，或者密封面接觸不良，還將造成內(nèi)泄漏過(guò)大，甚至影響正常工作。
電磁溢流閥常見(jiàn)的故障有先導(dǎo)電磁閥工作失靈、主閥調(diào)壓失靈和卸荷時(shí)的沖擊噪聲等。后者可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)加置的緩沖器來(lái)減少或消除。如不帶緩沖器，則可在主閥溢流口加一背壓閥。(壓力一 般調(diào)至5kgf/cm2左右，即0.5MPa)
力士樂(lè)先導(dǎo)式電磁溢流閥DBW10B1-5X/315-6EG24N9K4 R900920863
德國(guó)力士樂(lè)REXROTH先導(dǎo)式電磁溢流閥訂貨號(hào)和型號(hào)：
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組合機(jī)床動(dòng)力滑臺(tái)液壓系統(tǒng)
動(dòng)力滑臺(tái)是組合機(jī)床的一種通用部件，在滑臺(tái)上可以配置各種工藝用途的切削頭。機(jī)床液壓動(dòng)力滑臺(tái)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)多種不同的工作循環(huán)，其中一種比較典型的工作循環(huán)是：快進(jìn)→ 一工進(jìn)→二工進(jìn)→死擋鐵停留→快退→停止。 使液壓缸差動(dòng)聯(lián)接以實(shí)現(xiàn)快速運(yùn)動(dòng)； 系統(tǒng)中采用限壓式變量葉片泵供油； 用行程閥、液控順序閥實(shí)現(xiàn)快進(jìn)與工進(jìn)的轉(zhuǎn)換； 電液換向閥 使液壓缸差動(dòng)聯(lián)接和變量泵以實(shí)現(xiàn)快速運(yùn)動(dòng)；
（1）快進(jìn) 按下啟動(dòng)按鈕，三位五通電液動(dòng)換向閥5的先導(dǎo)電磁換向閥1YA得電，使之閥芯右移，左位進(jìn)入工作狀態(tài)。 用二位二通電磁換向閥實(shí)現(xiàn)一工進(jìn)和二工進(jìn)之間的速度換接。
（2）一次工作在快進(jìn)行程結(jié)束，滑臺(tái)上的擋鐵壓下行程閥。 用行程閥、液控順序閥實(shí)現(xiàn)快進(jìn)與工進(jìn)的轉(zhuǎn)換； 用二位二通電磁換向閥實(shí)現(xiàn)一工進(jìn)和二工進(jìn)之間的速度換接。
（3）第二次工作進(jìn)給 為保證進(jìn)給的尺寸精度，采用了死擋鐵停留來(lái)限位。
（4）死擋鐵停留 當(dāng)動(dòng)力滑臺(tái)第二次工作進(jìn)給終了碰上死擋鐵后，液壓缸停止不動(dòng)，系統(tǒng)的壓力進(jìn)一步升高，達(dá)到壓力繼電器15的調(diào)定值時(shí)，經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)間繼電器的延時(shí)，再發(fā)出電信號(hào)，使滑臺(tái)退回。在時(shí)間繼電器延時(shí)動(dòng)作前，滑臺(tái)停留在死擋塊限定的位置上。
（5）快退 時(shí)間繼電器發(fā)出電信號(hào)后，電液換向閥右位工作。 這時(shí)系統(tǒng)的壓力較低，變量泵2輸出流量大，動(dòng)力滑臺(tái)快速退回。由于活塞桿的面積大約為活塞的一半，所以動(dòng)力滑臺(tái)快進(jìn)、快退的速度大致相等。
（6）原位停止 當(dāng)動(dòng)力滑臺(tái)退回到原始位置時(shí)，擋塊壓下行程開(kāi)關(guān)，電液換向閥處于中位，動(dòng)力滑臺(tái)停止運(yùn)動(dòng)，變量泵卸荷。

液壓系統(tǒng)及液壓元件介紹
一、液壓系統(tǒng)的組成：動(dòng)力部分、控制部分、執(zhí)行部分、輔助裝置    液壓泵；用以將機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)化為液體的壓力能，有時(shí)也將蓄能器作為緊急或輔助動(dòng)力源
各類壓力、流量、方向等控制閥；用以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)執(zhí)行元件的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度、方向、作用力等的控制、也用于實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)載保護(hù)、程序控制等
液壓缸、液壓馬達(dá)等；用以將液體壓力轉(zhuǎn)化為機(jī)械能
管路、蓄能器、過(guò)濾器、油箱、冷卻器、加熱器、壓力表、流量計(jì)等    
二、液壓傳動(dòng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn) 質(zhì)量輕體積小 容易實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速 易于實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)載保護(hù) 液壓元件能夠自動(dòng)潤(rùn)滑 簡(jiǎn)化機(jī)構(gòu) 便于實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化 
三、液壓傳動(dòng)的缺點(diǎn) 液壓元件制造精度要求高 實(shí)現(xiàn)定比傳動(dòng)困難 油液受溫度的影響 不適宜遠(yuǎn)距離輸送動(dòng)力 油液中混入空氣易影響工作性能 油液容易污染 發(fā)生故障不易檢查和排除。 四、液壓部件及圖形符號(hào) 
 
液壓是機(jī)械行業(yè)、機(jī)電行業(yè)的一個(gè)名詞。液壓可以用動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)方式， 成為液壓傳動(dòng)。液壓也可用作控制方式，稱為液壓控制。
液壓傳動(dòng)是以液體作為工作介質(zhì)，利用液體的壓力能來(lái)傳遞動(dòng)力。
液壓控制是以有壓力液體作為控制信號(hào)傳遞方式的控制。用液壓技術(shù)構(gòu)成的控制系統(tǒng)稱為液壓控制系統(tǒng)。液壓挖制通常包括液壓開(kāi)環(huán)挖制和液壓閉環(huán)控制。液壓閉環(huán)挖制也就是液壓伺服控制，它構(gòu)成液壓伺服系統(tǒng)，通常包括電氣液壓伺服系統(tǒng)(電液伺服系統(tǒng))和機(jī)械液壓同服系統(tǒng)(機(jī)液伺服系統(tǒng)，或機(jī)液伺服機(jī)構(gòu))等。
一個(gè)完整的液壓系統(tǒng)由五個(gè)部分組成，即能源裝置、執(zhí)行裝置、控制調(diào)節(jié)裝置、輔助裝置、液體介質(zhì)。液壓由于其傳遞動(dòng)力大，易于傳遞及配置等特點(diǎn)，在工業(yè)、民用行業(yè)應(yīng)用廣泛。液壓系統(tǒng)的執(zhí)行元件(液壓缸和液壓馬達(dá))的作用是將液體的壓力能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能，從而獲
得需要的直線往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)或回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。液壓系統(tǒng)的能源裝置(液壓泵)的作用是將原動(dòng)機(jī)的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換成液體的壓力能。
液壓系統(tǒng)組成
一個(gè)完整的液壓系統(tǒng)由五個(gè)部分組成，即動(dòng)力元件、執(zhí)行元件、控制元件、輔助元件和工作介質(zhì)。
動(dòng)力元件的作用是將原動(dòng)機(jī)的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換成液體的壓力能。動(dòng)力元件指液壓系統(tǒng)中的液壓泵，它向整個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)提供動(dòng)力。液壓泵的結(jié)構(gòu)形式一般有齒輪泵、葉片泵、柱塞泵、螺桿泵。
執(zhí)行元件的作用是將液體的壓力能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能，驅(qū)動(dòng)負(fù)載作直線往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)或回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。執(zhí)行元件有液壓缸和液壓馬達(dá)。
挖制元件(即各種液壓閥)在液壓系統(tǒng)中控制和調(diào)節(jié)液體的壓力、流量和方向。

根據(jù)控制功能的不同，液壓閥可分為壓力控制閥、流量挖制閥和方向控制閥。壓力挖制閥又分為溢流閥(安全閥)、減壓閥、順序閥、壓力繼電器等:流量控制閥包括節(jié)流閥、調(diào)整閥、分流集流閥等:方向控制閥包括單向閥、液挖單向閥、梭閥、換向閥等。根據(jù)控制方式不同，
液壓閥可分為開(kāi)關(guān)式控制閥、定值控制閥和比例控制閥。
輔助元件包括蓄能器、過(guò)濾器、冷卻器、加熱器、油管、管接頭、油箱、壓力計(jì)、流量計(jì)、
密封裝置等，它們起連接、儲(chǔ)油、過(guò)濾和測(cè)量油液壓力等輔助作用
工作介質(zhì)是指各類液壓傳動(dòng)中的液壓油或乳化液，有各種礦物油、乳化液和合成型液壓油等
幾大類。液壓系統(tǒng)就是通過(guò)其實(shí)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力傳遞的。
液壓元件可分為動(dòng)力元件和挖制元件以及執(zhí)行元件三大類。盡管都是液壓元件，它們的自身
功能和安裝使用的技術(shù)要求也不盡相同，現(xiàn)分別介紹如下:
動(dòng)力元件:指的是各種液壓泵，齒輪泵、葉片泵、柱塞泵、螺桿泵。
1、齒輪油泵和串聯(lián)泵(包括外嚙合與內(nèi)嚙合)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)型式。
2、葉片油泵(包括單級(jí)泵、變量泵、雙級(jí)泵、雙聯(lián)泵)。
3、柱塞油泵，又分為軸向柱塞油泵和徑向柱塞油泵，軸向柱塞泵有定量泵、變量泵、(變量泵又分為手動(dòng)變量與壓力補(bǔ)償變量、伺服變量等多種)從結(jié)構(gòu)上又分為端面配油和閥式配油兩種配油方式，而徑向柱塞泵的配油型式，基本上為閥式配油。);
執(zhí)行元件:液壓缸和液壓馬達(dá)，液壓缸有活塞液壓缸、柱塞液壓缸、擺動(dòng)液壓缸、組合液壓缸:液壓馬達(dá)有齒輪式液壓馬達(dá)、葉片液壓馬達(dá)、柱塞液壓馬達(dá):
控制元件:方向控制閥、單向閥、換向閥;
壓力控制閥:溢流閥、減壓閥、順序閥、壓力繼電器等:
流量控制閥:節(jié)流閥、調(diào)速閥、分流闕:
輔助元件:除上述三部分以外的其它元件，包括壓力表、濾油器、蓄能裝置、冷卻器、管件{主要包括:各種管接頭 (擴(kuò)口式、 焊接式、卡套式，sae法蘭)、高壓球閥、快換接頭、軟管總成、測(cè)壓接頭、管夾等}及油箱等，它們同樣十分重要。

優(yōu)點(diǎn)
與機(jī)械傳動(dòng)、電氣傳動(dòng)相比，液壓傳動(dòng)具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):
1、液壓傳動(dòng)的各種元件，可以根據(jù)需要方便、靈活地來(lái)布置。
2、重量輕、體積小、運(yùn)動(dòng)慣性小、反應(yīng)速度快[2] 
3、操縱控制方便，可實(shí)現(xiàn)大范圍的無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速(調(diào)速范圍達(dá)2000: 1)。
4、可自動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)載保護(hù)。
5、一般采用礦物油作為工作介質(zhì)，相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)面可自行潤(rùn)滑，使用壽命長(zhǎng)。
6、很容易實(shí)現(xiàn)直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。
7、很容易實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)器的自動(dòng)化，當(dāng)采用電液聯(lián)合控制后，不僅可實(shí)現(xiàn)更高程度的自動(dòng)控制過(guò)程，而且可以實(shí)現(xiàn)遙控。

缺點(diǎn)
1、由于流體流動(dòng)的阻力和泄露較大，所以效率較低。如果處理不當(dāng)，泄露不僅污染場(chǎng)地，
而且還可能引起火滅和爆炸事故。
2、由于工作性能易受到溫度變化的影響，因此不宜在很高或很低的溫度條件下工作。
3、液壓元件的制造精度要求較高，因而價(jià)格較貴。
4、由于液體介質(zhì)的泄露及可壓縮性影響，不能得到嚴(yán)格的傳動(dòng)比。
5、液壓傳動(dòng)出故障時(shí)不易找出原因:使用和維修要求有較高的技術(shù)水平。
原理
它是由兩個(gè)大小不同的液缸組成的，在液缸里充滿水或油。充水的叫“水壓機(jī)”充油的稱“油壓機(jī)”。兩個(gè)液缸里各有一個(gè)可以滑動(dòng)的活塞，如果在小活塞上加一定值的壓力，根據(jù)帕斯卡定律，小活塞將這一壓力通過(guò)液體的壓力傳遞給大活塞，將大活塞頂上去。設(shè)小活塞
的橫截面積是S1,加在小活塞上的向下的壓力是F1。于是,小活塞對(duì)液體的壓強(qiáng)為P=F1/SI,

能夠大小不變地被液體向各個(gè)方向傳遞”。大活塞所受到的壓強(qiáng)必然也等于P。若大活塞的橫截面積是S2,壓強(qiáng)P在大活塞上所產(chǎn)生的向上的壓力F2=PxS2，截面積是小活塞橫截面積的倍數(shù)。從上式知，在小活塞上加一較小的力，則在大活塞上會(huì)得到很大的力，為此用液壓機(jī)來(lái)壓制膠合板、榨油、提取重物、鍛壓鋼材等。
液壓原理在一定的機(jī)械、電子系統(tǒng)內(nèi)，依靠液體介質(zhì)的靜壓力，完成能量的積壓、傳遞、放大，實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械功能的輕巧化、科學(xué)化、大化。
利用液壓原理，可以構(gòu)建液壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，也可以構(gòu)建液壓控制系統(tǒng)。
清洗
對(duì)于小型潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)，可利用和設(shè)備規(guī)定的液壓油相同的油品進(jìn)行清洗工作。清洗過(guò)后的油不再符合潤(rùn)滑的要求，而且包含雜質(zhì)太多，清洗完畢后必須徹底排除。經(jīng)清洗后的潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)再加入規(guī)定的液壓油。
有些液壓設(shè)備維修后,用金屬清洗劑或肥皂水清洗系統(tǒng),再加液壓油進(jìn)行試機(jī)，發(fā)現(xiàn)泡沫大，油壓不穩(wěn)，認(rèn)為該品牌的液壓油質(zhì)量差，把油排凈后換另一品牌的油工作正常，就斷定前--油差后一油好，其實(shí)這是錯(cuò)誤的，前油替后油“受了過(guò)”，由于系統(tǒng)中殘存的金屬清洗劑中的
表面活性劑組分污染了前油而使其抗泡性變差，使設(shè)備工作異常,前油排凈時(shí)也同時(shí)把系統(tǒng)沖刷干凈，后油也就正常了,類似情況經(jīng)常發(fā)生。濾油就用油性濾紙，幾塊錢-張，將近半平方米。省事點(diǎn)就用汽車機(jī)油濾清器改裝。做或買一個(gè)夠大的油箱，側(cè)面下部裝濾紙或?yàn)V清器，箱上部裝個(gè)氣嘴接頭，接上氣泵加壓，就能濾了。其他部分可以自己想了。

液壓系統(tǒng)的組成及其作用
一個(gè)完整的液壓系統(tǒng)由五個(gè)部分組成，即動(dòng)力元件、執(zhí)行元件、控制元件、輔助元件(附件)和液壓油。
動(dòng)力元件的作用是將原動(dòng)機(jī)的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換成液體的壓力能，指液壓系統(tǒng)中的油泵，它向整個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)提供動(dòng)力。液壓泵的結(jié)構(gòu)形式一般有齒輪泵、葉片泵和柱塞泵。
執(zhí)行元件(如液壓缸和液壓馬達(dá))的作用是將液體的壓力能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能，驅(qū)動(dòng)負(fù)載作直線往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)或回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。
控制元件(即各種液壓閥)在液壓系統(tǒng)中控制和調(diào)節(jié)液體的壓力、流量和方向。根據(jù)控制功能的不同，液壓閥可分為村力控制閥、流量控制閥和方向控制閥。壓力控制閥又分為益流閥(安全閥)、誠(chéng)壓閥、順序閥、壓力繼電器等;流量控制閥包括節(jié)流閥、調(diào)整閥、分流集流閥等，方向控制閥包括單向閥、液控單向閥、梭閥、換向閥等。根據(jù)控制方式不同，液壓閥可分為開(kāi)關(guān)式控制閥、定值控制閥和比例控制閥。
輔助元件包括油箱、濾油器、油管及管接頭、密封圈、快換接頭、高壓球閥、膠管總成、測(cè)壓接頭、壓力表、油位油溫計(jì)等。
液壓油是液壓系統(tǒng)中傳遞能量的工作介質(zhì)，有各種礦物油、乳化液和合成型液壓油等幾大類。